Search for Author, Title, Keyword
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Fat from Tenebrionidae Bugs - Sterols Content, Fatty Acid Profiles, and Cardiovascular Risk Indexes
 
More details
Hide details
1
Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic
 
2
Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
 
3
Department of Information Technology, Mendel University, Czech Republic
 
4
Institute of Animal Science, Livestock Technology and Management, Czech Republic
 
 
Submission date: 2018-12-19
 
 
Final revision date: 2019-05-05
 
 
Acceptance date: 2019-05-27
 
 
Online publication date: 2019-06-28
 
 
Publication date: 2019-08-22
 
 
Corresponding author
Jiri Mlcek   

Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic
 
 
Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2019;69(3):247-254
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This work focused on analysing the content of selected sterols and profile of fatty acids of edible insect species – mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and superworm (Zophobas morio), which are expected to increase their usability in human nutrition. Sterols content was determined using capillary gas chromatography method. Cholesterol content was determined at 1335 mg/kg in dry matter (DM) for the mealworm, which was less than for superworm (3224 mg/kg DM). Other sterols analysed were stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, which were once again higher in superworm (stigmasterol – 44 mg/kg DM and β-sitosterol – 414 mg/kg DM) than in mealworm (stigmasterol – 18 mg/kg DM and β sitosterol – 171 mg/kg DM). From the nutritional point of view, the amount of cholecalciferol is also not negligible, which was 190 μg/kg DM in mealworm and 199 μg/kg DM in superworm. Atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), and cholesterol index (CSI) were calculated for both species and compared with the results of other authors. These indexes are often considered predictors of cardiovascular diseases. A potential benefit of both species could be the balanced proportion of sterols of animal and plant origin that could be nutritionally well-accessible and lower weight of dry matter necessary to consume to cover the daily dose of linoleic acid compared to dried beef.
FUNDING
This research was supported by the internal grant of TBU in Zlín [No. IGA/FT/2019/004] and project BUT in Brno [No. FEKT S-17-3934].
 
REFERENCES (55)
1.
Adámková, A., Kouřimská, L., Borkovcová, M., Kulma, M., Mlček, J. (2016). Nutritional values of edible Coleoptera (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio and Alphitobius diaperinus) reared in the Czech Republic. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 10(1), 663-671.
 
2.
Adámková, A. (2017). Nutritional analysis and optimization of rearing of selected species of edible insects under conditions of the Czech Republic with regard to human health, dissertation theses. Prague, Czech Republic: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, p. 108.
 
3.
Barroso, F.G., de Haro, C., Sánchez-Muros, M.J., Venegas, E., Martínez-Sánchez, A., Pérez-Bañón, C. (2014). The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish. Aquaculture, 422, 193-201.
 
4.
Behmer, S.T., Nes, W.D. (2003). Insect Sterol Nutrition and Physiology: A Global Overview. Advances in Insect Physiology, 31, 1-72.
 
5.
Cerritos, R. (2011). Grasshoppers in agrosystems: pest or food? CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 6(017), 1–9.
 
6.
Cerritos, R. (2009). Insects as food: an ecological, social and economical approach. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 4(027), 1-10.
 
7.
Chakravorty, J., Ghosh, S., Jung, Ch., Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (2014). Nutritional composition of Chondacris rosea and Brachytrupes orientalis: Two common insects used as food by tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 17(3), 407-415.
 
8.
Chakravorty, J., Ghosh, S., Megu, K., Jung, Ch., Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (2016). Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Odontotermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidae): Two preferred edible insects of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 19(3), 711 720.
 
9.
Chakravorty, J., Ghosh, S., Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (2011). Chemical composition of Aspongopus nepalensis Westwood 1837 (Hemiptera; Pentatomidae), a common food insect of tribal people in Arunachal Pradesh (India). International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 81(1), 49-56.
 
10.
Decree No. 225/2008 Coll. (2008) (CZ) stipulating the requirements for food supplements and the fortification of food, as amended, (transposition of Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2002/46/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements). Collection of Laws CZ 71/2008:3230.
 
11.
Dobiášová, M. (2006). AIP- atherogenic index of plasma as a significant predictor of cardiovascular risk: from research to practice. Vnitřní lékařství, 52(1), 64-71 (in Czech).
 
12.
EFSA. (2015). Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA Journal, 13(10), 4257 – 4317.
 
13.
EFSA. (2010). Scientific Committee. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal, 8(3), 1461.
 
14.
Ekpo, K.E., Onigbinde, A.O., Asia, I.O. (2009). Pharmaceutical potentials of the oils of some popular insects consumed in southern Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 3(2), 51-57.
 
15.
EN 12821:2009. (2009). Foodstuffs - Determination of vitamin D by high performance liquid chromatography - Measurement of cholecalciferol (D3) or ergocalciferol (D2). European Committee for Standardization: Brussel, Belgium.
 
16.
Finke, M.D. (2004). Nutrient content of insects. In J.L. Capinera (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 1563–1575.
 
17.
Finke, M.D. (2002). Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biology, 21(3), 269-285.
 
18.
Fontaneto, D., Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M., Galli, C., Risé, P., Glew, R.H., Paoletti, M.G. (2011). Differences in fatty acid composition between aquatic and terrestrial insects used as food in human nutrition. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 50(4), 351–367.
 
19.
Ghosh, S., Lee, S.M., Jung, C., Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (2017). Nutritional composition of five commercial edible insects in South Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 20(2), 686-694.
 
20.
Ikekawa, N., Fujimoto, Y., Ishiguro, M. (2013). Reminiscences of research on the chemistry and biology of natural sterols in insects, plants and humans. Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences, 89(8), 349-369.
 
21.
ISO 12966-2:2011. (2011). Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland, p. 15.
 
22.
ISO 1442:1997. (1997) Meat and meat products -- Determination of moisture content (Reference method). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, p. 4.
 
23.
ISO 1871:2009. (2009) Food and feed products -- General guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO, p. 7.
 
24.
Jirák, R., Zeman, M. (2007). Vliv omega-3 a omega-6 nenasycených mastných kyselin na psychické poruchy (The Functions of Omega-3 and Omega-6 at Polynusaturatted Fatty Acids on Psychic Disorders). Česká a slovenská psychiatrie, 2(4), 6.
 
25.
Józefiak, D., Józefiak, A., Kierończyk, B., Rawski, M., Świątkiewicz, S., Długosz, J., Engberg, R.M. (2016). Insects. A natural nutrient source for poultry. Annals of Animal Science, 16(2), 297-313.
 
26.
Klowden, M.J. (2007). Physiological Systems in Insects. 2nd ed. Elsevier, Academic Press: Burlington, USA, p. 688.
 
27.
Kulma, M., Kourimska, L., Plachy, V., Bozik, M., Adamkova, A., Vrabec, V. (2019). Effect of sex on the nutritional value of house cricket, Acheta domestica L. Food Chemistry, 272, 267-272.
 
28.
Mariod, A.A., Abdel-wahab, S.I., Ain, N.M. (2011). Proximate amino acid, fatty acid and mineral composition of two Sudanese edible pentatomid insects. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 31(3), 145-153.
 
29.
Mlcek, J., Rop, O., Borkovcova, M., Bednarova, M. (2014). A comprehensive look at the possibilities of edible insects as food in Europe - A Review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 64(3), 147-157.
 
30.
Mondy, N., Corio-Costet, M.F., Bodin, A., Mandon, N., Vannier, F., Monge, J.P. (2006). Importance of sterols acquired through host feeding in synovigenic parasitoid oogenesis. Journal of Insect Physiology, 52(9), 897-904.
 
31.
Mourek, J., Mourek, Jr. J. (2011). Developmentally dependent and different roles of fatty acids OMEGA-6 and OMEGA-3. Prague Medical Report, 112(2), 81-92.
 
32.
Nation, J.L. (2001). Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, 4. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, p. 496.
 
33.
Nowak, V., Persijn, D., Rittenschober, D., Charrondiere, U.R. (2016). Review of food composition data for edible insects. Food Chemistry, 193, 39-46.
 
34.
Oonincx, D.G.A.B., van Broekhoven, S., van Huis, A., van Loon, J.J.A. (2015). Feed conversion, survival and development, and composition of four insect species on diets composed of food by-products. PLoS ONE, 10, 1-20, art. no. e0144601.
 
35.
Pánek, J., Pokorný, J., Dostálová, J. (2002). Základy výživy a výživová politika. 1st ed. Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická: Prague, Czech Republic (in Czech).
 
36.
Piironen, V., Lindsay, D.G., Miettinen, T.A., Toivo, J., Lampi, A.M. (2000). Plant sterols: Biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(7), 939-966.
 
37.
Premalatha, M., Abbasi, T., Abbasi, T., Abbasi, S.A. (2011). Energy-efficient food production to reduce global warming and ecodegradation: The use of edible insects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4357 – 4360.
 
38.
Ramos-Bueno, R.P., Gonzalez-Fernandez, M.J., Sanchez-Muros-Lozano, M.J., Garcia-Barroso, F., Guil-Guerrero, J.L. (2016). Fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content of seven insect species assessed by several extraction systems. European Food Research and Technology, 242(9), 1471-1477.
 
39.
Ramos-Elorduy, J., Moreno, J.M., Vázquez, A.I., Landero, I., Oliva-Rivera, H., Camacho, V.H. (2011). Edible Lepidoptera in Mexico: Geographic distribution, ethnicity, economic and nutritional importance for rural people. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7(1), 2.
 
40.
Ravzanaadii, N., Kim, N.J., Kim, S.H., Choi, W.H., Hong, S.J. (2012). Nutritional value of Mealworm, Tenebrio molitor as food source. International Journal of Industrial Entomology, 25(1), 93-98.
 
41.
Regulation (EC). (2001). No. 213/2001 of 9 January 2001 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1255/1999 as regards methods for the analysis and quality evaluation of milk and milk products and amending Regulations (EC) No 2771/1999 and (EC) No 2799/1999. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 37, pp. 1–99.
 
42.
Sabolová, M., Adámková, A., Kouřimská, L., Chrpová, D., Pánek, J. (2016). Minor lipophilic compounds in edible insects. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 10(1), 400–406.
 
43.
Sánchez-Muros, M.J., de Haro, C., Sanz, A., Trenzado, C.E., Villareces, S., Barroso, F.G. (2016). Nutritional evaluation of Tenebrio molitor meal as fishmeal substitute for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 22(5), 943–955.
 
44.
Simopoulos, A.P. (2002). The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 56(8), 365–379.
 
45.
Soxhlet, F. (1879). Die gewichtsanalytische Bestimmung des Milchfettes. Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal, 232, 461-465.
 
46.
Stajić, S., Živković, D., Perunović, M., Šobajić, S., Vranić, D. (2011). Cholesterol content and atherogenicity of fermented sausages made of pork meat from various breeds. Procedia Food Science, 1, 568-575.
 
47.
Tzompa-Sosa, D.A., Yi, L., van Valenberg, H.J.F., van Boekel, M.A.J.S., Lakemond C.M.M. (2014). Insect lipid profile: aqueous versus organic solvent-based extraction methods. Food Research International, 62, 1087-1094.
 
48.
van Broekhoven, S., Oonincx, D.G.A.B., van Huis, A., van Loon, J.J.A. (2015). Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products. Journal of Insect Physiology, 73, 1-10.
 
49.
van Huis, A. (2016). Edible insects are the future? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(3), 294–305.
 
50.
van Huis, A., van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. 1st ed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, p. 191 [http://www.fao.org/3/i3253e/i3...].
 
51.
Velíšek, J. (2002). Chemie potravin (The Chemistry of Food). 2nd ed. OSSIS: Tábor, Czech Republic (in Czech).
 
52.
Venugopal, V., Gopakuma, K. (2017). Shellfish: Nutritive value, health benefits, and consumer safety. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(6), 1219 - 1242.
 
53.
WHO (World Health Organization). (2004). A strategy to prevent chronic disease in Europe. A focus on public health action. The CINDI vision. WHO, Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark.
 
54.
Zielińska, E., Baraniak, B., Karaś, M., Rybczyńska, K., Jakubczyk, A. (2015). Selected species of edible insects as a source of nutrient composition. Food Research International, 77, 460-466.
 
55.
Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Xie, C., Li, D., Xu, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, M. (2014). Lipid contents, fatty acid profiles and nutritional quality of nine wild caught freshwater fish species of the Yangtze Basin, China. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2(7), 388-394.
 
 
CITATIONS (23):
1.
Effect of developmental stage on the nutritional value of edible insects. A case study with Blaberus craniifer and Zophobas morio
Martin Kulma, Lenka Kouřimská, Dana Homolková, Matěj Božik, Vladimír Plachý, Vladimír Vrabec
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
 
2.
Agri-Food Side-Stream Inclusion in The Diet of Alphitobius Diaperinus. Part 2: Impact on Larvae Composition
Lise Soetemans, Natasja Gianotten, Leen Bastiaens
Insects
 
3.
Nutritional value of insects and ways to manipulate their composition
D.G.A.B. Oonincx, M.D. Finke
Journal of Insects as Food and Feed
 
4.
So different, yet so alike Pancrustacea: Health benefits of insects and shrimps
Maryia Mishyna, Miodrag Glumac
Journal of Functional Foods
 
5.
Insect Fat in Animal Nutrition – A Review
Abdelbasset Benzertiha, Bartosz Kierończyk, Mateusz Rawski, Zuzanna Mikołajczak, Arkadiusz Urbański, Leszek Nogowski, Damian Józefiak
Annals of Animal Science
 
6.
Impact of Diets Including Agro-Industrial By-Products on the Fatty Acid and Sterol Profiles of Larvae Biomass from Ephestia kuehniella, Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens
Fatma Boukid, Jordi Riudavets, Arco del, Massimo Castellari
Insects
 
7.
Effect of Cold Storage Period on Total Lipid Amount of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Larvae: Can it be considered as an alternative source of lipids?
Evrim SÖNMEZ
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences
 
8.
Tenebrio molitor as a source of interesting natural compounds, their recovery processes, biological effects, and safety aspects
Simona Errico, Anna Spagnoletta, Alessandra Verardi, Stefania Moliterni, Salvatore Dimatteo, Paola Sangiorgio
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
 
9.
Proximate composition and lipid nutritional indices of larvae and pupae of the edible Huhu beetle (Prionoplus reticularis) endemic to New Zealand
Ruchita Kavle, Alan Carne, Alaa Bekhit, Biniam Kebede, Dominic Agyei
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
 
10.
Sıcaklık ve Besinin Depolanmış Ürün Zararlısı Böceklerin Biyolojisi ve Fizyolojisine Etkisi
Evrim SÖNMEZ
Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi
 
11.
Folate contents in insects as promising food components quantified by stable isotope dilution
Nadine Weber, Lenka Kouřimská, Martin Kulma, Dora Petříčková, Franziska Seufert, Michael Rychlik
Frontiers in Nutrition
 
12.
Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms
Mark Finke, Dennis Oonincx
 
13.
Utilization of Agro-Industrial Residues in the Rearing and Nutritional Enrichment of Zophobas atratus Larvae: New Food Raw Materials
Renata Nascimento, Mambro Di, Nelson Colauto, Silva da, Paulo Lemos, Souza de, Giani Linde, Bruna Machado, Pedro Tavares, Aline Biasoto, Guez Umsza, Natália Carvalho, Jesus de, Silva da, Souza de
Molecules
 
14.
Characterization of polar and non-polar lipids of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor meals as animal feed ingredients
Monica Tognocchi, Giuseppe Conte, Elisabetta Rossi, Riccardo Perioli, Alberto Mantino, Andrea Serra, Marcello Mele
Animal Feed Science and Technology
 
15.
A descriptive sensory evaluation of edible insects in Czechia: do the species and size matter?
M Kulma, P Škvorová, D Petříčková, L Kouřimská
International Journal of Food Properties
 
16.
Fatty Acid Profile, Mineral Composition, and Health Implications of Consuming Dried Sago Grubs (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)
Ruchita Kavle, Ellenna Pritchard, Alan Carne, Alaa Bekhit, Dominic Agyei
Applied Sciences
 
17.
The effect of prolonged cold storage period on total lipid content and adult cannibalism of Tenebrio molitor
Evrim SÖNMEZ, Necati ERİLLİ
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences
 
18.
Vitamin D Fortification of Selected Edible Insect Species Through Uvb-Treatment
Nils Nölle, Aranya Hörnstein, Christine Lambert
 
19.
Nutritional Value of Banded Cricket and Mealworm Larvae
Jagoda Kępińska-Pacelik, Wioletta Biel, Cezary Podsiadło, Grzegorz Tokarczyk, Patrycja Biernacka, Grzegorz Bienkiewicz
Foods
 
20.
Cricket Flour and Pullulan Microparticle Formation via Electro-Blow Spinning as a New Method for the Protection of Antioxidant Compounds from Fruit Extracts
Sabina Wilkanowicz, Keara Saud
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
 
21.
Vitamin D fortification of selected edible insect species through UVB-treatment
Nils Nölle, Aranya Hörnstein, Christine Lambert
Food Chemistry
 
22.
Innovative Pasta Enrichment: Assessing the Impact of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larvae on Quality Parameters
Raquel Pischke Garske, Júlia Campos, Gabriel Novo, Augusto Sastre, Jean Révillion, Florencia Cladera-Olivera, Roberta Cruz Silveira Thys
 
23.
Comparative Study on the Incorporation of Lesser Mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Powders into Shortbread Cookies: Effects on Physical, Chemical and Sensory Properties
Małgorzata Tańska, Joanna Browarek, Millena Ruszkowska, Aleksandra Purkiewicz
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
 
eISSN:2083-6007
ISSN:1230-0322
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top