Current issue
In press
Archive
About the Journal
Scope
Editorial Board
Indexed
Subscription
Contact
Editorial Policies
Peer Review Policy
For Reviewers
Research Ethics Policy
Plagiarism
Informed Consent Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Open Access Policy
Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern
Advertising Policy
Instructions for Authors
News
New IMPACT FACTOR
Volume 70 Authors' Index
Volume 70 Reviewers' Index
Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statement of the Committee of Human Nutrition Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Our new CiteScore2020 from SCOPUS
June 2021 Issue has just been published
September 2021 issue has just been released
Volume 71's Reviewers Index
Our new Impact Factor and Cite Score
Our new CiteScore2022 from SCOPUS
September 2023 issue has just been published
December 2023 issue has just been published
March 2024 issue has just been published
Volume 73's Reviewers Index
June 2024 issue has just been published
Our new CiteScore2023 from SCOPUS
Editorial Policies
Peer Review Policy
For Reviewers
Research Ethics Policy
Plagiarism
Informed Consent Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Open Access Policy
Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern
Advertising Policy
News
New IMPACT FACTOR
Volume 70 Authors' Index
Volume 70 Reviewers' Index
Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statement of the Committee of Human Nutrition Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Our new CiteScore2020 from SCOPUS
June 2021 Issue has just been published
September 2021 issue has just been released
Volume 71's Reviewers Index
Our new Impact Factor and Cite Score
Our new CiteScore2022 from SCOPUS
September 2023 issue has just been published
December 2023 issue has just been published
March 2024 issue has just been published
Volume 73's Reviewers Index
June 2024 issue has just been published
Our new CiteScore2023 from SCOPUS
REVIEW ARTICLE
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil: Extraction, Composition, Bioactivity and Uses for Food Preservation – a Review
1
Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-767 Warsaw, Poland
Submission date: 2019-07-23
Final revision date: 2019-10-11
Acceptance date: 2019-10-17
Online publication date: 2019-11-07
Publication date: 2019-11-18
Corresponding author
Ewa Majewska
Institute of Food Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
Institute of Food Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2019;69(4):327-341
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Lemongrass essential oil comes from the lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus), which grows mainly in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. The prefix ‘lemon’ indicates its typical lemon-like odour, which is caused mainly by the presence of citral. Citral is a combination of two stereoisomeric monoterpene aldehydes; the trans isomer geranial is in predominance to the cis isomer neral. Lemongrass essential oil has been used since ancient times in folk medicine as a remedy to improve circulation, stabilise menstrual cycles, promote digestion or increase immunity. It is also used to produce perfumes, flavours, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. The method found to be the most suitable for the extraction of lemongrass essential oil is steam distillation, since it allows obtaining the oil without altering product quality. The chemical composition of the essential oil of C. citratus varies according to the geographical origin, farming practices, plant age, photoperiod, harvest period, genetic differences, and extraction methods. The chemical constituents of the essential oil which have constantly been detected and determine its biological activity are aldehydes, hydrocarbon terpenes, alcohols, ketones, and esters. The lemongrass essential oil shows a wide spectrum of biological activities. High antibacterial and remarkable antifungal activities make the lemongrass oil a potential food preservative. This paper reviews recent information on extraction methods of lemongrass essential oil, its chemical composition depending on the origin of the plant, bioactivity of the oil constituents as well as potential application as a food preservative.
REFERENCES (108)
3.
Ajayi, E.O., Sadimenko, A.P., Afolayan, A.J. (2016). GC-MS evaluation of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf oil obtained using modified hydrodistillation and microwave extraction methods. Food Chemistry, 209, 262-266.
4.
Alhassan, M., Lawal, A., Nasiru, Y., Suleiman, M., Safiya, A.M., Bello, N. (2018). Extraction and formulation of perfume from locally available lemon grass leaves. ChemSearch Journal, 9(2), 40-44.
5.
Ali, A., Pheng, T.W., Mustafa, M.A. (2015). Application of lemongrass oil in vapour phase for the effective control of anthracnose of "Sekaki' papaya. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 118(6), 1456-1464.
6.
Al-Marzouqi, A.H., Rao, M.V., Jobe, B. (2007). Comparative evaluation of SFE and steam distillation methods on the yield and composition of essential oil extracted from spearmint (Mentha spicata). Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 30(4), 463-475.
7.
Amany, M.S., Reham, A.A., Gehan, S.A.A. (2010). Studies on antimicrobial and antioxidant efficiency of some essential oils in minced beef. Journal of American Science, 6(12), 691-700.
8.
Amini, J., Farhang, V., Javadi, T., Nazemi, J. (2016). Antifungal effect of plant essential oils on controlling Phytophthora species. Plant Pathology Journal, 32(1), 16-24.
9.
Andrade, E.H., Zoghbi, M.D., Lima, M.D. (2009). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf cultivated in North of Brazil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 12(1), 41-45.
10.
Anggraeni, N.I., Hidayat, I.W., Rachman, S.D., Ersanda. (2018). Bioactivity of essential oil from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) as antioxidant agent. 1st International Conference and Exhibition on Powder Technology Indonesia (ICePTi) 2017, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1927, art. no. UNSP039997.
11.
Avoseh, O., Oyedeji, O., Rungqu, P., Nkeh-Chungag, B., Oyedeji, A. (2015). Cymbopogon species; ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and the pharmacological importance. Molecules, 20(5), 7438-7453.
12.
Bankole, S.A., Joda, A.O, Ashidi, J.S. (2005). The use of powder and essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus against mould deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of ‘egusi” melon seeds. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 45(1), 20-30.
13.
Barbosa, L.C.A., Pereira, U.A., Martinazzo, A.P., Maltha, C.R.A., Teixeira, R.R., Melo, E.D. (2008). Evaluation of the chemical composition of Brazilian commercial Cymbopogon citratus (D.C) Stapf Samples. Molecules, 13(8), 1864-1874.
14.
Baschieri, A., Ajvazi, M.D., Tonfack, J.L.F., Valgimigli, L., Amorati, R. (2017). Explaining the antioxidant activity of some common non-phenolic components of essential oils. Food Chemistry, 232, 656-663.
15.
Bassolé, I.H.N., Lamien-Meda, A., Bayala, B., Obame, L.C., Ilboudo, A.J., Franz, C., Novak, J., Nebié, R.C., Dicko, M.H. (2011). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus essential oils alone and in combination. Phytomedicine, 18(12), 1070-1074.
16.
Berk, Z. (2013). Distillation. Chapter 13. In Z. Berk (Ed.) Food Process Engineering and Technology. 2nd Edition, Elsevier Inc., pp. 329-352.
17.
Boukhatem, M.N., Ferhat, M.A., Kameli, A., Saidi, F., Kebir, H.T. (2014a). Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs. Libyan Journal of Medicine, 9, art. no. 25431.
18.
Boukhatem, M.N., Kameli, A., Ferhat, M.A., Tayebi, K., Saidi, F. (2014b). The food preservative potential of essential oils: Is lemongrass the answer? Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 9(1), 13-21.
19.
Bozik, M., Cisarova, M., Tancinova, D., Kourimska, L., Hleba, L., Kloucek, P. (2017). Selected essential oil vapours inhibit growth of Aspergillus spp. in oats with improved consumer acceptability. Industrial Crops and Products, 98, 146-152.
20.
Brugger, B.P., Martinez, L.C., Plata-Rueda, A., Castro, B.M.D.E., Soares, M.A., Wilcken, C.F., Carvalho, A.G., Serrao, J.E., Zanuncio, J.C. (2019). Bioactivity of the Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) essential oil and its terpenoid constituents on the predatory bug, Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Scientific Reports, 9, art. no. 8358.
21.
Bučková, M., Puškárová, A., Kalászová, V., Kisová, Z., Pangallo, D. (2018). Essential oils against multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Biologia, 73(8), 803-808.
22.
Carbajal, D., Casaco, A., Arruzazabala, L., Gonzalez, R., Tolon, Z. (1989). Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 25(1), 103-107.
23.
Carlson, L.H.C., Machado, R.A.F., Spricigo, C.B., Pereira, L.K., Bolzan, A. (2001). Extraction of lemongrass essential oil with dense carbon dioxide. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 21(1), 33-39.
24.
Chisowa, E.H., Hall, D.R., Farman, D.I. (1998). Volatile constituents of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf grown in Zamibia. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 13(1), 29-30.
25.
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 570/2013 of 17 June 2013 approving the active substance geraniol, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending the Annex to Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 Text with EEA relevance.
26.
Cui, H.Y., Wu, J., Lin, L. (2016) Inhibitory effect of liposome-entrapped lemongrass oil on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in cheese. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(8), 6097-6104.
27.
da Silva, C.D., Guterres, S.S., Weisheimer, V., Schapoval, E.E.S. (2008). Antifungal activity of the lemongrass oil and citral against Candida spp. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 63-66.
28.
d'Avila, J.V., Martinazzo, A.P., dos Santos, F.S., Teodoro, C.E.S., Portz, A. (2016). Essential oil production of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) under organic compost containing sewage sludge. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola E Ambiental, 20(9), 811-816.
29.
Desai, M.A., Parikh, J. (2015). Extraction of essential oil from leaves of lemongrass using microwave radiation: optimization, comparative, kinetic, and biological studies. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 3(3), 421-431.
30.
Diabate, S., Martin, T., Murungi, L.K., Fiaboe, K.K.M., Subramanian, S., Wesonga, J., Deletre, E. (2019). Repellent activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Tagetes minuta and their specific volatiles against Megalurothrips sjostedti. Journal of Applied Entomology, 143(8), 855-866.
31.
Ekpenyong, C.E., Akpan, E.E., Daniel, A.E. (2014). Phytochemical constituents, therapeutic applications and toxicological profile of Cymbopogon citatus Stapf (DC) leaf extract. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(1), 133-141.
32.
Ekpenyong, Ch.E., Akpan, E.E. (2017). Use of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil in food preservation: Recent advances and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(12), 2541-2559.
33.
Falcao, M.A., Fianco, A.L.B., Lucas, A.M., Pereira, M.A.A., Torres, F.C., Vargas, R.M.F., Cassel, F. (2012). Determination of antibacterial activity of vacuum distillation fractions of lemongrass essential oil. Phytochemistry Reviews, 11(4), SI, 405-412.
34.
Farias, P.K.S., Silva, J.C.R.L., de Souza, C.N., da Fonseca, F.S.A., Brandi, I.V., Martins, E.R., Azevedo, A.M., de Almeida, A.C. (2019). Antioxidant activity of essential oils from condiment plants and their effect on lactic cultures and pathogenic bacteria. Ciencia Rural, 49(2), art. no. e2018140.
35.
Fernandes, S.S., Tonato, D., Mazutti, M.A., de Abreu, B.R., Cabrera, D.D., D'Oca, C.D.M., Prentice-Hernandez, C., Salas-Mellado, M.D. (2019). Yield and quality of chia oil extracted via different methods. Journal of Food Engineering, 262, 200-208.
37.
Frankova, A., Smid, J., Bernardos, A., Finkousova, A., Marsik, P., Novotny, D., Legarova, V., Pulkrabek, J., Kloucek, P. (2016). The antifungal activity of essential oils in combination with warm air flow against postharvest phytopathogenic fungi in apples. Food Control, 68, 62-68.
38.
Ganjewala, D., Luthra, R. (2010). Essential oil biosynthesis and regulation in the genus Cymbopogon. Natural Product Communications, 5(1), 163-172.
39.
Guenther, E. (1950). The essential oils, IV. D. Van Nostrad company. Inc., New York, USA, pp 20-65.
40.
Guimarães de Lima, L.G., Cardoso das Graças, M., de Sousa, P.E., de Andrade, J., Vieira, S.S. (2011). Antioxidant and fungitoxic activities of the lemongrass essential oil and citral. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 42(2), 464-472.
41.
Hadjilouka, A., Mavrogiannis, G., Mallouchos, A., Paramithiotis, S., Mataragas, M., Drosinos, E.H. (2017). Effect of lemongrass essential oil on Listeria monocytogenes gene expression. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 77, 510-516.
42.
Haloui, I., Meniai, A.H. (2017). Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oil from Algerian Argan (Argania spinosa L.) seeds and yield optimization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(17), 12912-12919.
43.
Hanaa, A.R.M., Sallam, Y.I., El-Leithy, A.S., Aly, S.E. (2012). Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as affected by drying methods. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 57(2), 113-116.
44.
Haque, A.N.M.A., Ramadevi, R., Naebe, M. (2018). Lemongrass (Cymbopogon): a review on its structure, properties, applications and recent developments. Cellulose, 25(10), 5455-5477.
45.
Harris, R. (2002) Progress with superficial mycoses using essential oils. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 12(2), 83–91.
46.
Hartanti, D., Ul Haqqi, M.Z., Hamad, A. (2018). Potency of combination of essential oils of ginger and lemongrass as fresh chicken meat natural preservative. Advanced Science Letters, 24(1), 91-94.
47.
Hartatie, E.S., Prihartini, I., Widodo, W., Wahyundi, A. (2019). Bioactive compounds of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil from different parts of the plant and distillation methods as natural antioxidantin broiler meat. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 532, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/532/1/012018.
48.
Helal, G.A., Sarhan, M.M., Abu Shahla, A.N., Abou El-Khair, E.K. (2006). Effects of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on the growth, lipid content and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger ML2-strain. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 46(6), 456-469.
49.
Jo, W.S., Song, H.Y., Song, N.B., Lee, J.H., Min, S.C., Song, K.B. (2014). Quality and microbial safety of ‘Fuji’ apples coated with carnauba-shellac wax containing lemongrass oil. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 55(2), 490-497.
50.
Kahramanoglu, I. (2019). Effects of lemongrass oil application and modified atmosphere packaging on the postharvest life and quality of strawberry fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 256, art. no. 108527.
51.
Kasali, A.A., Oyedeji, A.O., Ashilokun, A.O. (2001). Volatile leaf oil constituents of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 16(5), 377-378.
52.
Kpoviessi, S., Bero, J., Agbani, P., Gbaguidi, F., Kpadonou-Kpoviessi, B., Sinsin, B., Accrombessi, G., Frederich, M., Moudachirou, M., Quetin-Leclercq, J. (2014). Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and in vitro antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of the essential oils of four Cymbopogon species from Benin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 652-659.
53.
Kumar, V., Tewari, R., Singh, K. (2015). Comparative studies of drying methods on yield and composition of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18(3), 744-750.
54.
Kurita, N., Miyaji, M., Kurane, R., Takahara, Y. (1981). Antifungal activity of components of essential oils. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 45(4), 945–952.
55.
Lawrence, R., Lawrence, K., Srivastava, R., Gupta, D. (2015). Antioxidant activity of lemon grass essential oil (Cymbopogon citratus) grown in North Indian plains. The Scientific Temper, 4, 23-29.
56.
Leite, J.R., Delourdes, M., Seabra, V., Maluf, E., Assolant, K., Suchecki, D., Tufik, S., Klepacz, S., Calil, H.M., Carlini, E.A. (1986). Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 17(1), 75-83.
57.
Leite, M.C.A., de Brito Bezerra, A.P., de Sousa, J.P., de Oliveira Lima, E. (2015). Investigating the antifungal activity and mechanism(s) of geraniol against Candida albicans strains. Medical Mycology, 53(3), 275–284.
58.
Leite, M.C.A., de Brito Bezerra, A.P., de Sousa, J.P., Guerra, F.Q.S., de Oliveira Lima, E. (2014). Evaluation of antifungal activity and mechanism of action of citral against Candida albicans. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, art. no. 378280.
59.
Lu, M., Han, Z., Yao, L. (2013). In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils and individual compounds against Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 115(1), 187-198.
60.
Mani-López, E.M., Valle-Vargas, G.P., Palou, E., López-Malo, A. (2018). Penicillium expansum inhibition on bread by lemongrass essential oil in vapor phase. Journal of Food Protection, 81(3), 467-471.
61.
Mansour, A.F., Fikry, R.M., Saad M.M., Mohamed, A.M. (2015). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil cultivated in Madinah Monawara, Saudi Arabia and its comparison to the Egyptian chemotype. International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences, 4(4), 29-33.
62.
Marongiu, B., Piras, A., Porcedda, S., Tuveri, E. (2006). Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO2 extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Natural Product Research, 20(5), 455-459.
63.
Matasyoh, J.C., Wagara, I.N., Nakavuma, J.L, Kiburai, A.M. (2011). Chemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and its effect on mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species. African Journal of Food Science, 5(3), 138-142.
64.
Mbili, N.C., Opara, U.L., Lennox, C.L., Vries, F.A. (2017). Citrus and lemongrass essential oils inhibit Botris cinerea on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 124(5), 499-511.
65.
Mirghani, M.E.S., Liyana, Y., Jamal, P. (2012). Bioactivity analysis of lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) essential oil. International Food Research Journal, 19(2), 569-575.
66.
Mith, H., Dure, R., Delcenserie, V., Zhiri, A., Daube, G., Clinquart, A. (2014). Antimicrobial activities of commercial essential oils and their components against food-borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. Food Science and Nutrition, 2(4), 403-416.
67.
Moore-Neibel, K., Gerber, C., Patel, J., Friedman, M., Ravishankar, S. (2012). Antimicrobial ectivity of lemongrass oil against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 112(3), 485-492.
68.
Moutassem, D., Belabid, L., Bellik, Y., Ziouche, F.B. (2019). Efficacy of essential oils of various aromatic plantsin the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt and inducing systemic resistance in chickpea seedlings. Plant Protection Science, 55(3), 202-217.
69.
Murmu, S.B., Mishra, H.N. (2018). The effect of edible coating based on Arabic gum, sodium caseinate and essential oil of cinnamon and lemon grass on guava. Food Chemistry, 245, 820-828.
70.
Naik, M.I., Fomda, B.A., Jaykumar, E., Bhat, J.A. (2010). Antibacterial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil against some selected pathogenic bacterias. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 3(7), 535-538.
71.
Nguefack, J., Tamgue, O., Dongmo, J.B.L., Dakole, C.D., Leth, V., Vismer, H.F., Zollo, P.H.A., Nkengfack, A.E. (2012). Synergistic action between fractions of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against Penicillium expansum. Food Control, 23(2), 377-383.
72.
Nikaido, H. (2003). Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability revisited. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 67(4), 593-656.
73.
Olorunnisola, S.K., Asiyanbi, H.T., Hammed, A. M., Simsek, S. (2014). Biological properties of lemongrass: An overview. International Food Research Journal, 21(2), 455-462.
74.
Onawunmi, G.O., Yisak, W.A., Ogunlana, E.O. (1984). Antibacterial constituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (D.C) Stapf. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 12(3), 279-286.
75.
Pereira F.D.O., Mendes, J.M., Lima, I.O., Mota, K.S.D., de Oliveira, W.A., Lima E.D, O. (2015). Antifungal activity of geraniol and citronellol, two monoterpenes alcohols, against Trichophyton rubrum involves inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(2), 228-234.
76.
Perez, G.S., Zavala, S.M., Garcia, A.L., Ramos, L.M. (2011). Anti-inflammatory activity of some essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23(5), SI, 38-44.
77.
Premathilake, U.G.A.T., Wathugala, D.L., Dharmadasa, R.M. (2018). Evaluation of chemical composition and assessment of antimicrobial activities of essential oil of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. International Journal of Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 4(1), 13-19.
78.
Reis-Teixeira, F.B., Sousa, I.P., Alves, F.V., Cardoso Furtado, N.A.J.C., De Martinis, E.C.P. (2019). Evaluation of lemongrass and ginger essential oils to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes in biofilms. Journal of Food Safety, 39(4), art. no. e12627.
79.
Reyes-Jurado, F., Navarro-Cruz, A.R., Ochoa-Velasco, C.E., Palou, E., Lopez-Malo, A., Avila-Sosa, R. (2019). Essential oils in vapor phase as alternative antimicrobials: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1586641.
80.
Roriz, C.L., Barros, L., Carvalho, A.M., Santos-Buelga, C. Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2014). Pterospartum tridentatum, Gomphrena globosa and Cymbopogon citratus: A phytochemical study focused on antioxidant compounds. Food Research International, 62, 684-693.
81.
Santin, M.R., dos Santos, A.O., Nakamura, C.V., Dias, B.P., Ferreira, I.C.P., Ueda-Nakamura, T. (2009). In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and its major component (citral) on Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitology Research, 105(6), 1489-1496.
82.
Schaneberg, B.T., Khan, I.A. (2002). Comparison of extraction methods for marker compounds in the essential oil of lemon grass by GC. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(6), 1345–1349.
83.
Shaikh, M.N., Suryawanshi, Y.Ch., Mokat, D.N. (2019). Volatile profiling and essential oil yield of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf treated with rhizosphere fungi and some important fertilizers. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 22(2), 477-483.
84.
Sharma, A., Rajendran, S., Srivastava, A., Sharma, S., Kundu, B. (2017). Antifungal activities of selected essential oils against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici 1322, with emphasis on Syzygium aromaticum essential oil. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 123(3), 308-313.
85.
Shi, C., Song, K., Zhang, X., Sun, Y., Sui, Y., Chen, Y., Xia, X. (2016). Anti-microbial activity and possible mechanism of action of citral against Cronobacter sakazakii. PLoS One, 11(7), art. no. e0159006.
86.
Sidibé, L., Chalchat, J.C., Garry, R.P., Lacombe, L., Harama, M. (2001). Aromatic plants of Mali (IV): chemical composition of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf and C. giganteus (Hochst.) Chiov. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13(2), 110-112.
87.
Sinha, S., Jothiramajayam, M., Ghosh, M., Mukherjee, A. (2014). Evaluation of toxicity of essential oils palmarosa, citronella, lemongrass and vetiver in human lymphocytes. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 68, 71-77.
88.
Skaltsa, H.D., Demetzos, C., Lazari, D., Sokovic, M. (2003). Essential oil analysis and antimicrobial activity of eight Stachys from Greece. Phytochemistry, 64(3), 743-752.
89.
Skaria, B.P., Joy, P.P., Mathew, G., Mathew, S., Joseph, A. (2012). Lemongrass. In K.V. Peter (Ed.), Handbook of Herbs and Spices, vol. 2, 2nd edition, Woodhead Publ. LTD, Abington Hall Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AH, Cambs, England, vol. 228, pp. 348-370.
90.
Smith, R.L., Cohen, S.M., Doull, J. (2005). GRAS flavouring substances 22. Food Technology, 59(8), 24-62.
91.
Sonker, N., Pandey, A.K., Singh, P.,Tripathi, N.N. (2014). Assessment of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf essential oil as herbal preservatives based on antifungal, antiaflatoxin, and antiochratoxin activities and in vivo efficacy during storage. Journal of Food Science, 79(4), M628-M634.
92.
Soonwera, M., Phasomkusolsil, S. (2016). Effect of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oils on the morphology and mortality of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles dirus larvae. Parasitology Research, 115(4), 1691-1703.
93.
Sousa, S.M., Silva, P.S., Viccini, L.F. (2010). Cytogenotoxicity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (lemon grass) aqueous extracts in vegetal test systems. Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias, 82(2), 305-311.
94.
Suryawanshi, M.A., Mane, V.B., Kumbhar, G.G. (2016). Methodology to extract essential oils from lemongrass: solvent extraction approach. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(8), 1775-1780.
95.
Tajidin, N.E., Ahmad, S.H., Rosenani, A.B., Azimah, H., Munirah, M. (2012). Chemical composition and citral content in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil at three maturity stages. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(11), 2685-2693.
96.
Tapsell, L.C., Hemphill, I., Cobiac, L., Patch, C.S., Sullivan, D.R., Fenech, M., Roodenrys, S., Keogh, J.B., Clifton, P.M., Williams, P.G., Fazio, V.A., Inge, K.E. (2006). Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future. Medical Journal of Australia, 185(4), S4-S24.
97.
Tavares, F., Costa, G., Francisco, V., Liberal, J., Figueirinha, A., Lopes, M.C., Cruz, M.T., Batista, M.T. (2015). Cymbopogon citratus industrial waste as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(13), 2652-2659.
98.
Tran, T.H., Nguyen, D.C., Ph, T.N.N, Ho, V.T.T., Vo, N.D.V., Bach, L.G., Nguyen, T.D. (2019). Research on lemongrass oil extraction technology (hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation). Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 19(4), in press, DOI: 10.22146/ijc.40883.
99.
Tyagi, A.K., Gottardi, D., Malik, A., Guerzoni, M.E. (2014). Chemical composition, in vitro anti-yeast activity and fruit juice preservation potential of lemon grass oil. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 57(2), 731-737.
100.
Tzortzakis, N.G., Economakis, C.D. (2007). Antifungal activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) essential oil against key postharvest pathogen. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 8(2), 253-258.
101.
Vasireddy, L., Bingle, L.E.H., Davies, M.S. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of the Burkholderia Cepacia complex. PLoS One, 13(8), art. no. e0201835.
102.
Vazirian, M., Kashani, S.T., Ardekani, M.R.S., Khanavi, M., Jamalifar, H., Fazeli, M.R., Toosi, A.N. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.) essential oil against food-borne pathogens added to cream-filled cakes and pastries. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24(6), 579-582.
103.
Verma, R.K., Verma, R.S., Chauhan, A., Bisht, A. (2015). Evaluation of essential oil yield and chemical composition of eight lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) cultivars under Himalayan region. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27(3), 197-203.
104.
Viuda-Martos, M., El Gendy, A.E.N.G.S., Sendra, E., Fernandez-Lopez, J., El Razik, K.A.A., Omer, E.A., Perez-Alvarez, J.A. (2010). Chemical composition and antioxidant and anti-Listeria activities of essential oils obtained from some Egyptian plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(16), 9063-9070.
105.
Wu, H., Li, J., Jia, Y., Xiao, Z., Li, P., Xie, Y., Zhang, A., Liu, R., Ren, Z., Zhao, M., Zeng, Ch., Li, Ch. (2019). Essential oil extracted from Cymbopogon citronella leaves by supercritical carbon dioxide: antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2019, art. no. 8192439.
106.
Yen, H.Y., Lin, Y.C. (2017). Green extraction of Cymbopogon citrus essential oil by solar energy. Industrial Crops and Products, 108, 716-721.
107.
Zaki, E.F., Nadir, A.A., Helmy, I.M.F., Maguid, N.M.A. (2018). Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) oil on the quality characteristics of camel burger “Camburger” under refrigerated storage. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 3623-3631.
108.
Zhou, H., Tao, N., Jia, L. (2014). Antifungal activity of citral, octanal and -terpineol against Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Food Control, 37, 277-283
CITATIONS (64):
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2083-6007 |
| ISSN: | 1230-0322 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
