Azodicarbonamide (ADA) additives are limited or prohibited from being added to wheat flour by various countries because they may produce carcinogenic semicarbazide in humid and hot conditions. This study aimed to realize the non-destructive detection of ADA additives in wheat flour using high-throughput Raman imaging and establish a quantitative analysis model. Raman images of pure wheat flour, pure ADA, and wheat flour-ADA mixed samples were collected respectively, and the average Raman spectra of each sample were calculated. A partial least squares (PLS) model was established by using the linear combination spectra of pure wheat flour and pure ADA and the average Raman spectra of mixed samples. The regression coefficients of the PLS model were used to reconstruct the 3D Raman images of mixed samples into 2D grayscale images. Threshold segmentation was used to classify wheat flour pixels and ADA pixels in grayscale images, and a quantitative analysis model was established based on the number of ADA pixels. The results showed that the minimum detectable content of ADA in wheat flour was 100 mg/kg. There was a good linear relationship between the ADA content in the mixed sample and the number of pixels classified as ADA in the grayscale image in the range of 100 – 10,000 mg/kg, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9858. This study indicated that the combination of PLS regression coefficients with threshold segmentation had provided a non-destructive method for quantitative detection of ADA in Raman images of wheat flour-ADA mixed samples.
FUNDING
This work was supported by the Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32160417), the Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education (No. GJJ212605), the Doctoral Research Funds of Nanchang Normal University (No. NSBSJJ2018016), and the Scientific research project of Nanchang Normal University (No. N21KJYB02).
REFERENCES(36)
1.
Becalski, A., Lau, B.P.Y., Lewis, D., Seaman, S.W. (2004). Semicarbazide formation in azodicarbonamide-treated flour: A model study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(18), 5730-5734. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0495....
Cebi, N., Dogan, C.E., Develioglu, A., Yayla, M.E.A., Sagdic, O. (2017). Detection of L-cysteine in wheat flour by Raman microspectroscopy combined chemometrics of HCA and PCA. Food Chemistry, 228, 116-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food....
Chen, W., Shi, W., Li, Z., Ma, H.M., Liu, Y., Zhang, J.H., Liu, Q.J. (2011). Simple and fast fluorescence detection of benzoyl peroxide in wheat flour by N-methoxy rhodamine-6G spirolactam based on consecutive chemical reactions. Analytica Chimica Acta, 708(1-2), 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.....
Che, W.K., Sun, L.J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, D., Ye, D.D., Tan, W.Y., Wang, L.K., Dai, C.J. (2017). Application of visible/near-infrared spectroscopy in the prediction of azodicarbonamide in wheat flour. Journal of Food Science, 82(10), 2516-2525. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3....
Chen, Z.Q., Chen, L., Lin, L., Wu, Y.N., Fu, F.F. (2018). A colorimetric sensor for the visual detection of azodicarbonamide in flour based on azodicarbonamide-induced anti-aggregation of gold nanoparticles. ACS Sensors, 3(10), 2145-2151. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssen....
Esquerre, C., Gowen, A.A., Downey, G., O'Donnell, C.P. (2011). Selection of variables based on most stable normalised partial least squares regression coefficients in an ensemble Monte Carlo procedure. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 19(6), 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.....
Hu, J., Liu, Y.D., He, Y., Sun, X.D., Li, B. (2020). Optimization of quantitative detection model for benzoic acid in wheat flour based on CARS variable selection and THz spectroscopy. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 14(5), 2549-2558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694....
Huang, C.W., Dai, L.K., Dong, X.F. (2011). The application of piecewise direct standardization with SNV in calibration transfer of Raman spectra. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 31(5), 1279-1282. https://doi.org/10.3964/j.issn....
Huang, M., Kim, M.S., Delwiche, S.R., Chao, K., Qin, J.W., Mo, C., Esquerre, C., Zhu, Q.B. (2016). Quantitative analysis of melamine in milk powders using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging, and band ratio. Journal of Food Engineering, 181, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoo....
Lohumi, S., Kim, M.S., Qin, J.W., Cho, B.K. (2017). Raman imaging from microscopy to macroscopy: Quality and safety control of biological materials. TrAC – Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 93, 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac....
Noonan, G.O., Warner, C.R., Hsu, W., Begley, T.H., Perfetti, G.A., Diachenko, G.W. (2005). The determination of semicarbazide (N-Aminourea) in commercial bread products by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(12), 4680-4685. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0504....
Qin J., Chao K., Kim M.S. (2010). Raman chemical imaging system for food safety and quality inspection. Transactions of the ASABE, 53(6), 1873-1882. https://doi.org/ 10.13031/2013.35796.
Qin, J.W., Kim, M.S., Chao, K.L., Bellato, L., Schmidt, W.F., Cho, B.K., Huang, M. (2018). Inspection of maleic anhydride in starch powder using line-scan hyperspectral Raman chemical imaging technique. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(6), 120-125. https://doi.org/10.25165/j.ija....
Qin, J.W., Kim, M.S., Chao, K.L., Gonzalez, M., Cho, B.K. (2017). Quantitative detection of benzoyl peroxide in wheat flour using line-scan macroscale Raman chemical imaging. Applied Spectroscopy, 71(11), 2469-2476. https://doi.org/10.1177/000370....
Tian, W.R., Sang, Y.X., Wang, X.H. (2014). Semicarbazide – from state-of-the-art analytical methods and exposure to toxicity: a review. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment, 31(11), 1850-1860. https://doi.org/10.1080/194400....
Wang, X.B., Zhao, C.J., Huang, W.Q., Wang, Q.Y., Liu, C., Yang, G.Y. (2018). Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging for detection and quantification of azodicarbonamide in flour. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(7), 2793-2800. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8....
Wang, Y., Wang, J., Xiang, L., Xi, C., Chen, D., Peng, T., Wang, G., Mu, Z. (2014). Determination of biurea in flour and its products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 32(5), 513-518. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1....
Wei, T.F., Li, G.K., Zhang, Z.M. (2017). Rapid determination of trace semicarbazide in flour products by high-performance liquid chromatography based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Journal of Separation Science, 40(9), 1993-2001. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.2....
Wiercigroch, E., Szafraniec, E., Czamara, K., Pacia, M.Z., Majzner, K., Kochan, K., Kaczor, A., Baranska, M., Malek, K. (2017). Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. Spectrochimica Acta Part A – Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 185, 317-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.....
Xie Y.F., Li P., Zhang J., Wang H.Y., Qian H., Yao W.R. (2013). Comparative studies by IR, Raman, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of azodicarbonamide, biurea and semicarbazide hydrochloride. Spectrochimica Acta Part A – Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 114, 80-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.....
Yasui, A., Oishi, M., Hayafuji, C., Kobayashi, C., Shindo, T., Ozawa, H., Nakazato, M. (2016). Analysis of azodicarbonamide in wheat flour and prepared flour mixes. Food Hygiene and Safety Science, 57(5), 133-138. https://doi.org/10.3358/shokue....
Ye, J., Wang, X.H., Sang, Y.X., Liu, Q. (2011). Assessment of the determination of azodicarbonamide and its decomposition product semicarbazide: investigation of variation in flour and flour products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(17), 9313-9318. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2018....
Zhai, C., Peng, Y.K., Li, Y.Y., Zhao, J. (2017). Detection of chemical additives in food using Raman chemical imaging system. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 38(3), 369-375. https://doi.org/10.7503/cjcu20....
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.