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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Enhanced Bioaccumulation of Essential Minerals in Filamentous Fungal Biomass During Cultivation to Produce High Quality Vegan Food
1
Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Submission date: 2025-04-10
Acceptance date: 2025-08-05
Corresponding author
Ria Millati
Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Filamentous fungi compounds have the ability to bind heavy metals; therefore, it is expected that supplementing cultivation media with essential minerals will lead to mineral accumulation in the fungal biomass. Such biomass can be considered as a food component. This research aimed to investigate the effects of mineral supplementation on fungal growth and sensory properties of food products based on fungal biomass, as well as to determine the optimum supplementation concentration and harvest time. Essential minerals, including iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and calcium (Ca), were added to the cultivation media of Rhizopus oligosporus at concentrations of 1.25–11.25, 0.50–5.25, and 50–125 mg/100 mL, respectively. The results showed that the addition of minerals at 3.75, 1.75, and 87.5 mg/100 mL for Fe, Zn, and Ca, respectively, did not significantly affect fungal growth in comparison with the control. Mineral supplementation with Fe, Zn, and Ca successfully increased the mineral content in the fungal biomass by 5, 5, and 13 times that of the biomass cultivated without supplementation, respectively. The mineral content of the biomass reached 28.26, 3.45, and 63.04 mg/100 g after 48 h of incubation for Fe, Zn, and Ca, respectively. The optimum harvesting times for Fe, Zn, and Ca were 48, 24, and 72 h, respectively. The addition of minerals did not affect the overall liking and taste of nugget made from the mineral-enriched fungal biomass. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that there was a new peak that represents new complexes between metal ions and functional group of the fungal biomass. This study revealed that cultivation media fortification with minerals offers a viable solution to enhance mineral content, which is often lacking in vegan diets.
FUNDING
The study was carried out under the Academic Excellence Improvement Program 2024, Universitas Gadjah Mada [grant number 6526/UN1.P1/PT.01.03/2024].
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no competing interests in this publication.
INFORMED CONSENT
Ethical clearance approval for the involvement of human subjects in this study was granted by Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee (MHREC), Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, reference number KE/FK/1517/EC/2024, dtd 09/30/2024.
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