Current issue
In press
Archive
About the Journal
Scope
Editorial Board
Indexed
Subscription
Contact
Publication fee
Editorial Policies
Peer Review Policy
For Reviewers
Research Ethics Policy
Plagiarism
Informed Consent Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Generative AI Use Declaration
Open Access Policy
Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern
Advertising Policy
Instructions for Authors
News
New IMPACT FACTOR
Volume 70 Authors' Index
Volume 70 Reviewers' Index
Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statement of the Committee of Human Nutrition Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Our new CiteScore2020 from SCOPUS
June 2021 Issue has just been published
September 2021 issue has just been released
Volume 71's Reviewers Index
Our new Impact Factor and Cite Score
Our new CiteScore2022 from SCOPUS
September 2023 issue has just been published
December 2023 issue has just been published
March 2024 issue has just been published
Volume 73's Reviewers Index
June 2024 issue has just been published
September 2024 issue has just been published
December 2024 issue is now available on-line
Copyright License change and on-line edition
March 2025 issue is available on-line
Volume 74's Reviewers' Index
Our new CiteScore 2024
June 2025 issue is available on-line
September 2025 issue is available on-line
December 2025 issue is available on-line
March 2026 issue is available on-line
Volume 75's Reviewers' Index
June 2026 issue is available on-line
Our new Cite Score 2025
Our new Impact Factor 2025
Editorial Policies
Peer Review Policy
For Reviewers
Research Ethics Policy
Plagiarism
Informed Consent Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Generative AI Use Declaration
Open Access Policy
Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern
Advertising Policy
News
New IMPACT FACTOR
Volume 70 Authors' Index
Volume 70 Reviewers' Index
Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statement of the Committee of Human Nutrition Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Our new CiteScore2020 from SCOPUS
June 2021 Issue has just been published
September 2021 issue has just been released
Volume 71's Reviewers Index
Our new Impact Factor and Cite Score
Our new CiteScore2022 from SCOPUS
September 2023 issue has just been published
December 2023 issue has just been published
March 2024 issue has just been published
Volume 73's Reviewers Index
June 2024 issue has just been published
September 2024 issue has just been published
December 2024 issue is now available on-line
Copyright License change and on-line edition
March 2025 issue is available on-line
Volume 74's Reviewers' Index
Our new CiteScore 2024
June 2025 issue is available on-line
September 2025 issue is available on-line
December 2025 issue is available on-line
March 2026 issue is available on-line
Volume 75's Reviewers' Index
June 2026 issue is available on-line
Our new Cite Score 2025
Our new Impact Factor 2025
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Prebiotic Potential of Polygonatum sibiricum Red. Leaf Polysaccharides in Regulating Gut Microbiota to Alleviate Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
1
School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
2
School of Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
3
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Occupational Diseases and Poisoning, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
4
Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Administration, Chongqing, China
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2026-04-02
Acceptance date: 2026-07-21
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common adverse reaction primarily caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis. The polysaccharides from the Polygonatum sibiricum Red. leaves (PsPs) have been shown to possess gut microbiota-regulating activity. However, the efficacy of PsPs in alleviating AAD remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of PsPs in alleviating AAD. First, PsPs were obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Subsequently, in vitro digestion and fecal fermentation were performed to evaluate the gastrointestinal stability of PsPs and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Thereafter, the AAD mice model was induced by lincomycin hydrochloride. The probiotic effects of PsPs were comprehensively analyzed by changes in C57BL/6J mice body weights, colonic histopathology and gut microbiota composition. In vitro results revealed that PsPs were resistant to digestive degradation (93.08%–93.34%), effectively reached the intestines, and was utilized by the gut microbiota, thereby reducing the proportion of Klebsiella, increasing the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, and significantly increasing the SCFA yields. Animal experiment results show that PsPs intervention alleviates diarrhea in AAD mice, restores the damaged intestinal barrier, and reshapes the gut microbiota community, increasing the abundance of Blautia and reducing the abundance of Klebsiella. Moreover, PsPs reduced the levels of inflammatory factors (MCP-1, LPS, IL-6, TNF-α) in mice. This study demonstrates that PsPs foster prebiotic potential and offer new insights for the development of AAD adjunctive intervention strategies based on polysaccharides derived from food and medicine homology.
FUNDING
This work supported by Horizontal scientific research project of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College (Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Grant No. 2025YGZKY11).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The animal study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Animal Experimentation Center of Southwest Medical University (approval number swmu20250266). The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.
REFERENCES (42)
1.
Abad, C.L.R., Safdar, N. (2021). A review of Clostridioides difficile infection and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 50(2), 323-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.....
2.
Ballerini, M., Galiè, S., Tyagi, P., Catozzi, C., Raji, H., Nabinejad, A., Macandog, A.D.G., Cordiale, A., Slivinschi, B.I., Kugiejko, K.K., Freisa, M., Occhetta, P., Wargo, J.A., Ferrucci, P.F., Cocorocchio, E., Segata, N., Vignati, A., Morgun, A., Deleidi, M., Manzo, T., Rasponi, M., Nezi, L. (2025). A gut-on-a-chip incorporating human faecal samples and peristalsis predicts responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 9(6), 967-984. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551....
3.
Dell'Olio, A., Scott, W.T., Jr., Taroncher-Ferrer, S., San Onofre, N., Soriano, J.M., Rubert, J. (2024). Tailored impact of dietary fibers on gut microbiota: a multi-omics comparison on the lean and obese microbial communities. Microbiome, 12(1), art. no. 250. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168....
4.
Di Vincenzo, F., Del Gaudio, A., Petito, V., Lopetuso, L.R., Scaldaferri, F. (2024). Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 19(2), 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739....
5.
Dinakis, E., O'Donnell, J.A., Marques, F.Z. (2024). The gut-immune axis during hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Acta Physiologica, 240(8), art. no. e14193. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.1....
6.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., Smith, F.J.A.C. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28(3), 350-356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac6011....
7.
Go, D., Yeon, G.H., Park, S.J., Lee, Y., Koh, H.G., Koo, H., Kim, K.H., Jin, Y.S., Sung, B.H., Kim, J. (2024). Integration of metabolomics and other omics: from microbes to microbiome. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 108(1), art. no. 538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253....
8.
Guan, Y., Li, R., Lv, Z., Bo, N., Wang, T., Guo, Y., Liang, Z., Zhang, J., Fan, Q., Dang, L., Zhao, M., Chen, J. (2026). The change in structure and improvement of anti-aging effects of polysaccharides in Polygonati Rhizoma after the traditional "Nine Steaming-Nine Sun-Drying". Carbohydrate Polymers, 373, art. no. 124597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carb....
9.
Hays, K.E., Pfaffinger, J.M., Ryznar, R. (2024). The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease. Gut Microbes, 16(1), art. no. 2393270. https://doi.org/10.1080/194909....
10.
Hempel, S., Newberry, S.J., Maher, A.R., Wang, Z., Miles, J.N., Shanman, R., Johnsen, B., Shekelle, P.G. (2012). Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 307(18), 1959-1969. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2....
11.
Holmberg, S.M., Feeney, R.H., Prasoodanan, P.K.V., Puértolas-Balint, F., Singh, D.K., Wongkuna, S., Zandbergen, L., Hauner, H., Brandl, B., Nieminen, A.I., Skurk, T., Schroeder, B.O. (2024). The gut commensal Blautia maintains colonic mucus function under low-fiber consumption through secretion of short-chain fatty acids. Nature Communications, 15(1), art. no. 3502. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467....
12.
Huang, S., Zou, Y., Tang, H., Zhuang, J., Ye, Z., Wei, T., Lin, J., Zheng, Q. (2023). Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides modulate gut microbiota and improve metabolic disorders in mice with diet-induced obesity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 103(4), 1885-1894. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1....
13.
Ioannou, A., Berkhout, M.D., Geerlings, S.Y., Belzer, C. (2025). Akkermansia muciniphila: biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579....
14.
Jensen, N., Maldonado-Gomez, M., Krishnakumar, N., Weng, C.Y., Castillo, J., Razi, D., Kalanetra, K., German, J.B., Lebrilla, C.B., Mills, D.A., Taft, D.H. (2024). Dietary fiber monosaccharide content alters gut microbiome composition and fermentation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 90(8), art. no. e0096424. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00....
15.
Kuang, S., Liu, Z., Liu, L., Fu, X., Sheng, W., Hu, Z., Lin, C., He, Q., Chen, J., Gao, S. (2024). Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides protect against knee osteoarthritis by inhibiting the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 274(Pt 1), art. no. 133137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbi....
16.
Lai, W., Ning, Q., Wang, G., Gao, Y., Liao, S., Tang, S. (2024). Antitumor activity of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 47(8-9), 696-708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272....
17.
Lai, Y., Zhang, Q., Xu, M., Guo, X., Zhou, Q., Liu, Q., Deng, H., Song, C. (2025). Restoration of antibiotic associated diarrhea induced gut microbiota disorder by using Dictyophora indusiata water-insoluble polysaccharides in C57BL/6J mice. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12, art. no. 1607365. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2....
18.
Leschonski, K.P., Mortensen, M.S., Hansen, L.B.S., Krogh, K., Kabel, M.A., Laursen, M.F. (2024). Structure-dependent stimulation of gut bacteria by arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS): a review. Gut Microbes, 16(1), art. no. 2430419. https://doi.org/10.1080/194909....
19.
Li, J., Hsiung, S.Y., Kao, M.R., Xing, X., Chang, S.C., Wang, D., Hsieh, P.Y., Liang, P.H., Zhu, Z., Cheng, T.R., Shie, J.J., Liou, J.P., Abbott, D.W., Kwon, S.W., Hsieh, Y.S.Y. (2022). Structural compositions and biological activities of cell wall polysaccharides in the rhizome, stem, and leaf of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. Carbohydrate Research, 521, art. no. 108662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carr....
20.
Li, W., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Bian, H., Yu, S., Huang, L., Ma, W. (2023). Complex probiotics alleviate ampicillin-induced antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, art. no. 1156058. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.....
21.
Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Zheng, M., Ye, Y., Shi, M., Wang, X., Cao, L., Wang, L. (2024). Polysaccharides in medicinal and food homologous plants regulate intestinal flora to improve type 2 diabetes: Systematic review. Phytomedicine, 134, art. no. 156027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phym....
22.
Liu, X., Mao, B., Gu, J., Wu, J., Cui, S., Wang, G., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Chen, W. (2021). Blautia – a new functional genus with potential probiotic properties? Gut Microbes, 13(1), art. no. 1875796. https://doi.org/10.1080/194909....
23.
Luo, Y., Fang, Q., Lai, Y., Lei, H., Zhang, D., Niu, H., Wang, R., Song, C. (2022). Polysaccharides from the leaves of Polygonatum sibiricum Red. regulate the gut microbiota and affect the production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. AMB Express, 12(1), art. no. 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568....
24.
Ma, L., Zhang, Q., Lai, Y., Long, X., Wang, F., Feng, B., Guo, X., Liu, Q., Song, C. (2025). The sulfated modification of polysaccharide from Poria cocos and its prebiotic effects on gut microbiota. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 105(14), 7853-7867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7....
25.
Pokusaeva, K., Fitzgerald, G.F., van Sinderen, D. (2011). Carbohydrate metabolism in Bifidobacteria. Genes & Nutrition, 6(3), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263....
26.
Qu, Z., Liu, H., Yang, J., Zheng, L., Huang, J., Wang, Z., Xie, C., Zuo, W., Xia, X., Sun, L., Zhou, Y., Xie, Y., Lu, J., Zhu, Y., Yu, L., Liu, L., Zhou, H., Dai, L., Leung, E.L. (2025). Selective utilization of medicinal polysaccharides by human gut Bacteroides and Parabacteroides species. Nature Communications, 16(1), art. no. 638. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467....
27.
Ramirez, J., Guarner, F., Bustos Fernandez, L., Maruy, A., Sdepanian, V.L., Cohen, H. (2020). Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut microbiota. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10, art. no. 572912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.....
28.
Singh, S., Anshita, D., Ravichandiran, V. (2021). MCP-1: Function, regulation, and involvement in disease. International Immunopharmacology, 101(Pt B), art. no. 107598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inti....
29.
Subhash, A.J., Abdin, M., Bamigbade, G.B., Arachchi, M.P., Ullah, N., Ayyash, M. (2026). A comprehensive review on structural, chemical, and functional perspectives of dietary polysaccharide-driven gut microbiota modulation: Mechanisms and challenges. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 46, art. no. 102575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbre....
30.
Taavitsainen, S., Juuti-Uusitalo, K., Kurppa, K., Lindfors, K., Kallio, P., Kellomäki, M. (2024). Gut-on-chip devices as intestinal inflammation models and their future for studying multifactorial diseases. Frontiers in Lab on a Chip Technologies, 2, art. no. 1337945. https://doi.org/10.3389/frlct.....
31.
Voermans, B., Gerdes, V., Nieuwdorp, M. (2025). Gut microbiota alterations and their role in the pathophysiology of obesity following bariatric surgery. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 20(4), 291-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/174466....
32.
Wei, X., Wang, F., Tan, P., Huang, H., Wang, Z., Xie, J., Wang, L., Liu, D., Hu, Z. (2024). The interactions between traditional Chinese medicine and gut microbiota in cancers: Current status and future perspectives. Pharmacological Research, 203, art. no. 107148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs....
33.
Wu, D.-T., Nie, X.-R., Gan, R.-Y., Guo, H., Fu, Y., Yuan, Q., Zhang, Q., Qin, W. (2021). In vitro digestion and fecal fermentation behaviors of a pectic polysaccharide from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and its impacts on human gut microbiota. Food Hydrocolloids, 114, art. no. 106577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food....
34.
Xu, H., Wang, S., Jiang, Y., Wu, J., Chen, L., Ding, Y., Zhou, Y., Deng, L., Chen, X. (2023). Poria cocos polysaccharide ameliorated antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice via regulating the homeostasis of the gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), art. no. 1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24....
35.
Xu, N., Tan, G., Wang, H., Gai, X.J.E.J.o.S.B. (2016). Effect of biochar additions to soil on nitrogen leaching, microbial biomass and bacterial community structure. European Journal of Soil Biology, 74, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso....
36.
Yang, B., Li, X., Mesalam, N.M., Elsadek, M.F., Abdel-Moneim, A.E. (2024). The impact of dietary supplementation of polysaccharide derived from Polygonatum sibiricum on growth, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 103(6), art. no. 103675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.....
37.
Ye, L., Hou, Y., Hu, W., Wang, H., Yang, R., Zhang, Q., Feng, Q., Zheng, X., Yao, G., Hao, H. (2023). Repressed Blautia-acetate immunological axis underlies breast cancer progression promoted by chronic stress. Nature Communications, 14(1), art. no. 6160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467....
38.
Yu, Z., Li, D., Sun, H. (2023). Herba Origani alleviated DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice through remolding gut microbiota to regulate bile acid and short-chain fatty acid metabolisms. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 161, art. no. 114409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biop....
39.
Yüksel, E., Voragen, A.G.J., Kort, R. (2025). The pectin metabolizing capacity of the human gut microbiota. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 65(25), 4823-4845. https://doi.org/10.1080/104083....
40.
Zhang, J., Ma, Y., Chang, R., Wang, R., Zhang, J. (2026). The interplay of plant polysaccharide structure, gut microbiota metabolism, and host health: Mechanisms and perspectives. Life Sciences, 395, art. no. 124383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.....
41.
Zhang, L., Zeng, X., Guo, D., Zou, Y., Gan, H., Huang, X. (2022). Early use of probiotics might prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in elderly (>65 years): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), art. no. 562. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877....
42.
Zhao, Y.X., Huang, L., Wu, D.T., Li, J., Lei, J., Fu, M.X., Zhang, Q., Qin, W. (2023). Catabolism of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide and its impacts on gut microbial composition during in vitro digestion and microbial fermentation. Foods, 12(9), art. no. 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods1....
| eISSN: | 2083-6007 |
| ISSN: | 1230-0322 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
