Current issue
In press
Archive
About the Journal
Scope
Editorial Board
Indexed
Subscription
Contact
Publication fee
Editorial Policies
Peer Review Policy
For Reviewers
Research Ethics Policy
Plagiarism
Informed Consent Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Open Access Policy
Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern
Advertising Policy
Instructions for Authors
News
New IMPACT FACTOR
Volume 70 Authors' Index
Volume 70 Reviewers' Index
Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statement of the Committee of Human Nutrition Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Our new CiteScore2020 from SCOPUS
June 2021 Issue has just been published
September 2021 issue has just been released
Volume 71's Reviewers Index
Our new Impact Factor and Cite Score
Our new CiteScore2022 from SCOPUS
September 2023 issue has just been published
December 2023 issue has just been published
March 2024 issue has just been published
Volume 73's Reviewers Index
June 2024 issue has just been published
September 2024 issue has just been published
December 2024 issue is now available on-line
Editorial Policies
Peer Review Policy
For Reviewers
Research Ethics Policy
Plagiarism
Informed Consent Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Open Access Policy
Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern
Advertising Policy
News
New IMPACT FACTOR
Volume 70 Authors' Index
Volume 70 Reviewers' Index
Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statement of the Committee of Human Nutrition Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Our new CiteScore2020 from SCOPUS
June 2021 Issue has just been published
September 2021 issue has just been released
Volume 71's Reviewers Index
Our new Impact Factor and Cite Score
Our new CiteScore2022 from SCOPUS
September 2023 issue has just been published
December 2023 issue has just been published
March 2024 issue has just been published
Volume 73's Reviewers Index
June 2024 issue has just been published
September 2024 issue has just been published
December 2024 issue is now available on-line
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ultrasound-Assisted Extractions for Improving the Recovery of Phenolics and Charantin from Bitter Melon and for Increasing the Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Anti-Obesity Activities of Its Extracts
1
Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38547, South Korea
Submission date: 2021-12-08
Final revision date: 2022-04-19
Acceptance date: 2022-04-25
Online publication date: 2022-06-02
Publication date: 2022-06-02
Corresponding author
Kyung Young Yoon
Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, 38541, Gyeongsansi, Gyeongbuk, Korea (South)
Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, 38541, Gyeongsansi, Gyeongbuk, Korea (South)
Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2022;72(2):141-150
KEYWORDS
bitter melonultrasound-assisted extractioncharantinphenolic compoundsantioxidant activityantidiabetic activity
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Bitter melon is rich in bioactive compounds and has a significant potential for commercial use as a functional food material. Its bioactive compound-rich extract was prepared using probe- or bath-type ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with 60% (v/v) ethanol or distilled water. The composition and bioactivity of the extracts prepared using UAE was compared with those obtained by conventional extraction methods, such as autoclave extraction, ethanol extraction, and hot-water extraction. Although the yield of the autoclave extraction was the highest, the extracts obtained using UAE and aqueous ethanol exhibited a higher total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity (α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities), and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity than the conventional extracts. In particular, UAE with probe system and aqueous ethanol (UAE-P-E) was effective for extracting bioactive compounds, such as phenolics (total phenolic content of 18.73 mg GAE/g extract) and charantin (28.56 mg/g extract). Among all extracts, this prepared by UAE-P-E showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 of 0.55 mg/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (250.5 μmol/g extract), and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity (76.38% at a concentration of 3.0 mg/mL). These results suggest that bioactive compound-rich extracts from bitter melon obtained using UAE, especially UAE-P-E, are expected to have high application potential as a functional food material, and are also expected to be used as natural antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity agents.
FUNDING
This research did not receive any external funding.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Authors declare no conflict of interests.
REFERENCES (53)
1.
Ahmad-Qasem, M.H., Canovas, J., Barrajon-Catalan, E., Micol, V., Carcel, J.A., Garcia-Perez, J.V. (2013). Kinetic and compositional study of phenolic extraction from olive leaves (var. Serrana) by using power ultrasound. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 17, 120-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifse....
2.
Ajila, C.M., Brar, K., Verma, M., Tyagi, R.D., Godbout, S., Valero, J.R. (2011). Extraction and analysis of polyphenols: Recent trends. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 31(3), 227-249. https://doi.org/10.3109/073885....
3.
Aljohi, A., Matou-Nasri, S., Ahmed, N. (2016). Antiglycation and antioxidant properties of Momordica charantia. PLOS ONE, 11(8), art. no. e0159985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
4.
Alothman, M., Bhat, R., Karim, A.A. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of selected tropical fruits from Malaysia, extracted with different solvents. Food Chemistry, 115(3), 785-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food....
5.
Bai, J., Zhang, Y., Tang, C., Hou, Y., Ai, X., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Meng, X. (2020). Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 133, art. no. 110985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biop....
6.
Benzie, I.F.F., Strain, J.J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘‘antioxidant power’’: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1....
7.
Bitou, N., Nimomiya, M., Tsjita, T., Hsjita, H. (1999). Screening of lipase inhibitors from marine algae. Journal of Lipid Research, 34(5), 441-445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745....
8.
Brand-Williams, W., Cavalier, M.E., Berset, C. (1995). Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-....
9.
Cacace, J., Mazza, G. (2003). Mass transfer process during extraction of phenolic compounds from milled berries. Journal of Food Engineering, 59(4), 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-....
10.
Capelo, J.L., Maduro, C., Vilhena, C. (2005). Discussion of parameters associated with the ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction for elemental analysis (total content) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 12(3), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ults....
11.
Chalas, J., Claise, C., Edeas, M., Messaoudi, C., Vergnes, L., Abella, A., Lindenbaum, A. (2011). Effect of ethyl esterification of phenolic acid on low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 55(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0753-....
12.
Chemat, F., Vian, M.A., Cravotto, G. (2012). Green extraction of natural products: Concept and principles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(7), 8615-8627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13....
13.
Day, C., Cartwright, T., Provost, J., Bailey, C.J. (1990). Hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts. Planta Medica, 56(5), 426-429. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006....
14.
Deavile, E.R., Green, R.J., Muller-Harvey, I., Willoughby, I., Frazier, R.A. (2007). Hydrolyzable tannin structures influence relative globular and random coil protein binding strengths. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 5(11), 4554-4561. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0637....
15.
Do, Q.D., Angkawijaya, A.E., Tran-Nguyen, P.L., Huynh, L.H., Soetaredjo, F.E., Ismadji, S., Ju, Y.H. (2014). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatic. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(3), 296-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda....
16.
Dobrincic, A., Repajic, M., Garofulic, I.E., Tuden, L., Dragovic-Uzelac, V., Levaj, B. (2020). Comparison of different extraction methods for the recovery of olive leaves polyphenols. Processes, 8(9), art. no. 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091....
17.
El-Korany, S.M., Helmy, O.M., El-Halawany, A.M., Ragab, Y.E., Zedan, H.H. (2020). Kojic acid repurposing as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor and the optimization of its production from a local Aspergillus oryzae soil isolate. BMC Biotechnology, 20(1), art. no. 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896....
18.
Fan, M., Kim, E.K., Choi, Y.J., Tang, Y., Moon, S.H. (2019). The role of Momordica charantia in resisting obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), art. no. 3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
19.
Folin, O., Ciocalteu, V. (1927). On tyrosine and tryptophane determinations in proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 73(2), 627–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-....
20.
Goo, K.S., Ashari, S., Basuki, N., Sugiharto, A.N. (2016). The bitter gourd Momordica charantia L.: Morphological aspects, charantin and vitamin C contents. IOSR Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Science, 9(10), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0....
21.
Grover, J.K., Yadav, S.P. (2004). Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93(1), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.....
22.
Gunathilake, K.D.P.P., Ranaweera, K.K.D.S., Rupasinghe, H.P.V. (2019). Response surface optimization for recovery of polyphenols and carotenoids from leaves of Centella asiatica using an ethanol‐based solvent system. Food Science & Nutrition, 7(2), 528-536. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.8....
23.
Horax, R., Hettiarachchy, N., Chen, P. (2010). Extraction, quantification, and antioxidant activities of phenolics from pericarp and seeds of bitter melons (Momordica charantia) harvested at three maturity stages (immature, mature, and ripe). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(7), 4428-4433. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9029....
24.
Horzic, D., Jambrak, A.R., Belscak-Cvitanovic, A., Komes, D., Lelas, V. (2012). Comparison of conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction techniques of yellow tea and bioactive composition of obtained extracts. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(7), 2858-2870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947....
25.
Jia, S., Shen, M., Zhang, F., Xie, J. (2017). Recent advances in Momordica charantia: Functional components and biological activity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(12), art. no 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18....
26.
Kadkhodaee, R., Povey, M.J.W. (2008). Ultrasonic inactivation of Bacillus alpha-amylase. Ⅰ. effect of gas content and emitting face of probe. Ultrasoics Sonochemistry, 15(2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ults....
27.
Kajaria, D., Ranjana, Tripathi, J., Tripathi, Y.B., Tiwari, S. (2013). In-vitro α amylase and glycosidase inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of antiasthmatic drug – Shirishadi. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 4(4), 206-209. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4....
28.
Kang, J.R., Kang, M.J., Kim, G.W., Shin, J.H. (2018). Physicochemical characteristics and physiological activity of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) from different regions. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 47(3), 253-262 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2....
29.
Kazeem, M.T., Adamson, J.O., Oqunwande, I.A. (2013). Modes of inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by aqueous extract of Morinda lucida Benth leaf. BioMed Research International, 2013, art. no. 527570. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/5....
30.
Kim, Y.M., Wang, M.H., Rhee, H.I. (2004). A novel alpha glucosidase inhibitor from pine bark. Carbohydrate Research, 339(3), 715–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carr....
31.
Kole, C., Kole, P., Randunu, K.M., Choudhary, P., Podila, R., Ke, P.C., Rao, A.M., Marcus, R.K. (2013). Nanobiotechnology can boost crop production and quality: First evidence from increased plant biomass, fruit yield and phytomedicine content in bitter melon (Momordica charantia). BMC Biotechnology, 13(1), art. no. 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6....
32.
Kubola, J., Siriamornpun, S. (2008). Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro. Food Chemistry 110(4), 881–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food....
33.
Lee, H.J., Lee, S.G., Kim, S.K., Choi, C.S. (2016). Variation on charantin contents of various organs and harvest seasons in bitter gourd. Horticultural Science and Technology, 34(5), 701-707 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.12972/kjhst....
34.
Lee, J.J., Yoon, K.Y. (2021). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) using response surface methodology. CYTA – Journal of Food, 19(1), 721-728. https://doi.org/10.1080/194763....
35.
Lončarić, A., Jozinović, A., Kovač, T., Kojić, N., Babić, J., Šubarić, D. (2020). High voltage electrical discharges and ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolics from indigenous fungus-resistant grape by-product. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 70(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.31883/pjfns....
36.
Lopes, A.P., Galuch, M.B., Petenuci, M.E., Oliveira, J.H., Canesin, E.A., Schneider, V.V.A., Visentainer, J.V. (2020). Quantification of phenolic compounds in ripe and unripe bitter melons (Momordica charantia) and evaluation of the distribution of phenolic compounds in different parts of the fruit by UPLC–MS/MS. Chemical Papers, 74, 2613-2625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696....
37.
Mahwish, Saeed, F., Sultan, M.T., Riaz, A., Ahmed, S., Bigiu, N., Amarowicz, R., Manea, R. (2021). Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruit bioactives charantin and vicine potential for diabetes prophylaxis and treatment. Plants, 10(4), art. no. 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants....
38.
McDougall, G.J., Kulkarni, N.N., Stewart, D. (2009). Berry polyphenols inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro. Food Chemistry, 115(1), 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food....
39.
Nam, S.W., Kim, M.R. (2015). A study on inhibitory activities on carbohydrate and anti-inflammatory activities of hot-water and ethanol extracts from immature dried bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.). Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life, 25(6), 999-1006 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl....
40.
Naveed, M., Hejazi, V., Abbas, M., Kamboh, A.A., Khan, G.J., Shumzaid, M., Ahmad, F., Babazadeh, D., FangFang, X., Modarresi-Ghazani, F., WenHua, L., XiaoHui, Z. (2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 97, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biop....
41.
Nour, V., Trandfir, I., Cosmulescu, S. (2013). HPLC determination of phenolic acids, flavonoids and Juglone in walnut leaves. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 51(9), 883-890. https://doi.org/10.1093/chroms....
42.
Patel, S.B., Ghane, S.G. (2021). Phyto-constituents profiling of Luffa echinata and in vitro assessment of antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer and anti-acetylcholine esterase activities. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(7), 3835-3846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs....
43.
Pedro, A.C., Maciel, G.M. Ribeiro, V.R., Haminiuk, C.W.I. (2020). Fundamental and applied aspects of catechins from different sources: a review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(2), 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.1....
44.
Pugazhenthi, S., Murthy, S.P. (1995). Partial purification of a hypoglycemic fraction from the unripe fruits of Momordica charantia Linn (bitter group). Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 10(1), art. no. 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0287....
45.
Rostagno, A., Palma, M., Barroso, C.G. (2003). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of soy isoflavones. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1012(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-....
46.
Sembiring, E.N., Elya, B., Sauriasary, R. (2018). Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(1), 123-127. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.201....
47.
Sen, S., De, B., Devanna, N., Chakraborty, R. (2013). Total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the leaves of Meyna spinosa Roxb., an Indian medicinal plant. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 11(2), 149−157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-....
48.
Sharmila, G., Nikitha, V.S., Ilaiyarasi, S., Dhivya, K., Rajasekar, V., Kumar, N.M., Muthukumaran, K., Muthukumaran, C. (2016). Ultrasound assisted extraction of total phenolics from Cassia auriculata leaves and evaluation of its antioxidant activities. Industrial Crops and Products, 84, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indc....
49.
Suh, S., Kim, Y.E., Yang, H.J., Ko, S., Hong, G.-P. (2017). Influence of autoclave treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on the antioxidant activity of Opuntia ficus-indica fruit extract. Food Science and Biotechnology, 26(3), 581-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068....
50.
Sun, C., Zhao, C., Guven, E.C., Paoli, P., Simal-Gandara, J., Ramkumar, K.M., Wang, S., Buleu, F., Pah, A., Turi, V., Damian, G., Dragan, S., Tomas, M., Khan, W., Wang, M., Delmas, D., Portillo, M.P., Dar, P., Chen, L., Xiao, J. (2020). Dietary polyphenols as antidiabetic agents: Advances and opportunities. Food Frontiers, 1(1), 18-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.1....
51.
Vilas-Boas, A.A., Campos, D.A., Nunes, C., Ribeiro, S., Nunes, J., Oliveira, A., Pintado, M. (2020). Polyphenol extraction by different techniques for valorisation of non-compliant Portuguese sweet cherries towards a novel antioxidant extract. Sustainability, 12(14), art. no. 5556. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1214....
52.
Vilkhu, K., Mawson, R., Simons, L., Bates, D. (2008). Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry – A review. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 9(2), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifse....
53.
Wang, H.Y., Kan, W.C., Cheng, T.J., Yu, S.H., Chang, L.H., Chuu, J.J. (2014). Differential anti-diabetic effects and mechanism of action of charantin-rich extract of Taiwanese Momordica charantia between type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 69, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.....
CITATIONS (7):
1.
Jamun Seed: A Review on Bioactive Constituents, Nutritional Value and Health Benefits
Yamini Tak, Manpreet Kaur, Mool Jain, Mahesh Samota, Nirmal Meena, Gurpreet Kaur, Rajendra Kumar, Daisy Sharma, José Lorenzo, Ryszard Amarowicz
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
Yamini Tak, Manpreet Kaur, Mool Jain, Mahesh Samota, Nirmal Meena, Gurpreet Kaur, Rajendra Kumar, Daisy Sharma, José Lorenzo, Ryszard Amarowicz
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
2.
Effects of different extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides from maca roots
Eun Kim, Kyung Yoon
CyTA - Journal of Food
Eun Kim, Kyung Yoon
CyTA - Journal of Food
3.
HEALTH PROMOTING BENEFITS OF PLANT-BASED BY-PRODUCTS EXTRACTS OBTAINED BY INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Mara Calleja-Gómez, Patricia Roig, Mirian Pateiro, Rubén Domínguez, José Manuel Lorenzo, Juana Fernández-López, Manuel Viuda-Martos, José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez, Lorena Martínez-Zamora, Gema Nieto, Rocío Peñalver, Celia Carrillo
Current Opinion in Food Science
Mara Calleja-Gómez, Patricia Roig, Mirian Pateiro, Rubén Domínguez, José Manuel Lorenzo, Juana Fernández-López, Manuel Viuda-Martos, José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez, Lorena Martínez-Zamora, Gema Nieto, Rocío Peñalver, Celia Carrillo
Current Opinion in Food Science
4.
Deep-eutectic-solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from maca: Optimization using Taguchi methodology and comparison with the conventional method
Eun Jeong Kim, Choon Young Kim, Kyung Young Yoon
Eun Jeong Kim, Choon Young Kim, Kyung Young Yoon
5.
Arisarum vulgare: Bridging Tradition and Science Through Phytochemical Characterization and Exploring Therapeutic Potential via In vitro, In vivo, and In silico Biological Activities
Zineb Bouafia, Amel Boudjelal, Souhila Bouaziz‐Terrachet, Mustapha Mounir Bouhenna, Souheila Bouchahdane, Abdennacer Boulila, Ilyas Yıldız, Sinem Yılmaz, Tevfik Ozen, Ibrahim Demirtas
ChemistrySelect
Zineb Bouafia, Amel Boudjelal, Souhila Bouaziz‐Terrachet, Mustapha Mounir Bouhenna, Souheila Bouchahdane, Abdennacer Boulila, Ilyas Yıldız, Sinem Yılmaz, Tevfik Ozen, Ibrahim Demirtas
ChemistrySelect
6.
Application of Taguchi Method to Optimize Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Maca and Its Biological Activity
Eun Jeong Kim, Choon Young Kim, Kyung Young Yoon
Food and Bioprocess Technology
Eun Jeong Kim, Choon Young Kim, Kyung Young Yoon
Food and Bioprocess Technology
7.
Thermal stability of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol glucosides in fresh-cut bitter melon fruit
Ji Hye Kim, Shucheng Duan, Moo-Yeol Baik, Seok Hyun Eom
Food Chemistry
Ji Hye Kim, Shucheng Duan, Moo-Yeol Baik, Seok Hyun Eom
Food Chemistry
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2083-6007 |
| ISSN: | 1230-0322 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
