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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Nutritional Enhancement of Milk Tablets Using Avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) Pulp Powder
 
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1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
 
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
 
3
Department of Food Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
 
These authors had equal contribution to this work
 
 
Submission date: 2025-07-27
 
 
Acceptance date: 2025-11-18
 
 
Corresponding author
Thanida Chuacharoen   

Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, 1 U Thong Nok Road, 10300, Bangkok, Thailand
 
 
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Freeze-dried avocado pulp with maltodextrin was incorporated into milk tablets at substitution levels of 15%, 25%, and 35% (w/w) for milk powder. The tablets’ physicochemical characteristics and consumer acceptance were then assessed. The powder formulations exhibited fair flowability, except for the formulation with the highest avocado content, which showed poor flow properties. Increasing the proportion of avocado pulp powder reduced tablet hardness and density, while increasing their friability, resulting in their lower mechanical strength and durability. Higher avocado pulp powder levels significantly increased moisture, total lipid, crude fiber, and ash contents. Tablets with 35% (w/w) substitution of milk powder with avocado pulp powder exhibited the highest total phenolic content (1.91 μg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity (3.84, 1.38, and 9.24 μmol TE/g in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, respectively). Additionally, microbial analysis revealed significantly higher counts of total microbes, and molds and yeasts with increased avocado powder fortification; however, all values remained within the acceptable limits established by the Thai Industrial Standards Institute. Sensory evaluation indicated that the milk tablets with 15% and 25% (w/w) substitution with avocado powder were the most acceptable with no significant difference between them. These findings highlight the potential of avocado pulp powder as a functional food ingredient particularly in milk tablet confections.
FUNDING
This research was funded by the Institute for Research and Development of Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, grant number 12802/2567.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
INFORMED CONSENT
Ethical approval for the involvement of human subjects in this study was granted by Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University Ethics Committee, Certificate number COA. 1-028/2025, Study Code: 68-025-1-2.
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